How Is Discrimination Different from Prejudice and Stereotyping free essay sample

Separation varies from bias and generalizing such that segregation isn’t only a negative demeanor that dismisses a whole gathering, as preference is characterized. Segregation is the refusal of chances and equivalent rights to people and gatherings in light of preference or other self-assertive reasons. Partiality doesn't really end with riches. Separation additionally has aggregate impact with the goal that individuals today are survivors of past and current differential practices. As while generalizing is nreliable speculations pretty much all individuals from a specific gathering without thinking about a people contrasts. I feel that segregation has numerous structures beside race, additionally age, sexual direction or riches. Separation can thwart an individual from progressing in their life, which will influence their ages. I feel that an individual can beat a generalization, now and again it may not be as serious, yet when you deny somebody or a gathering equivalent righ ts, it in light of the fact that a lawful procedure. We will compose a custom paper test on How Is Discrimination Different from Prejudice and Stereotyping? or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Generalizing can be end up being incorrectly, however with segregation you can not refute it in any case, if your denied rights. †¢ What are the reasons for separation? The reasons for segregation are having a specific inclination for various gatherings of individuals. In model, inclining toward a man over a lady to be a leader of an organization, despite the fact that they are both qualified the equivalent. Being misled likewise causes separation. Regularly, bigotry and bias reason segregation. At the point when a pessimistic demeanor is framed over a specific gathering of individuals, for the most part the minority gathering. They face a social test, which prompts including a disavowal of specific rights to an individual. In spite of the fact that, segregation is illicit, it happens frequently. Family type business, who can enlist unreservedly can cause a kind of segregation. They have the decision to employ family, refrains somebody who is a pariah. Regularly separation is from our predecessors. In the event that they had a specific method of living, it is gone on through age. Regularly, we have a feeling that we are superior to a specific gathering, or that a specific gathering may owe us something due to our precursors. †¢ How is separation looked by one character gathering (race, ethnicity, strict convictions, sex, sexual direction, age, or incapacity) equivalent to segregation looked by another? How are they extraordinary? Separation towards a specific race, is equivalent to being segregated by you sexual orientation. We can't change the shade of our skin, nor would we be able to change our sexual orientation. Being separated by your race, and by strict convictions can be diverse is numerous ways. On the off chance that an individual was going after a position, and was denied the activity in light of the fact that being segregated by their race, or strict convictions, a person’s skin shading is self-evident. Be that as it may, an individual could change their strict convictions to twist for whatever position they are applying for. Separation can start during childbirth. Character gatherings can change, which changes the separation factors. You can change your hair shading, or have a medical procedure to change your appearance to contrast risk your age. Somebody with a handicap can't simply cause an incapacity to vanish. A specific sexual direction can change around to date the other gender to be all the more socially acknowledged. I figure it can contrast extraordinarily. Reference: Racial and Ethnic Groups, Thirteenth release, by Richard T. Schaefer. Distributed by Merrill Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Stem Cell Research is an Assault on Life Essay -- Argumentative Persua

 â Throughout the historical backdrop of the cloning banter, no Administration of either party subsidized an examination venture that depends on devastating live human incipient organisms - until President Bush in 2001 approved constrained financing for such. The Clinton Administration's arrangements to do so were deferred by open restriction, at that point ended in light of current circumstances by the Bush Administration. The central government has now chosen to incompletely actualize the National Institutes of Health's rules for early stage foundational microorganism inquire about. This has made the way for more extensive attacks on guiltless human life for the sake of research. Congress and this Administration in a restricted manner support the rule that supposed research benefits exceed the sacred nobility of blameless human life. Endeavors to forestall further maltreatment will probably be useless, as scientists request increasingly more opportunity to put aside limitations that keep them from understanding their fantasies about vanquishing ailment. We acclaimed the Administration's underlying declaration that it bolstered a total prohibition on human cloning.  Most Christians have grave worries on this basically significant issue of early stage undifferentiated cell inquire about. In our view, leading exploration that depends on purposeful decimation of human undeveloped organisms for their undifferentiated cells is illicit, improper and superfluous.  It is illicit in light of the fact that it abuses an allotments rider (the Dickey alteration) spent each year since 1995 by Congress. That arrangement disallows financing inquire about in which human undeveloped organisms (regardless of whether at first made for examine purposes or not) are hurt or devastated outside the womb.(1) National Institutes of Health rules endorsed by the Clinton Administration in any case give scientists definite guidelines on the most proficient method to ... ...eficiency (SCID)- X1 Disease, 288 Science 669-72 (28 April 2000).  16. K. Foss, Paraplegic recovers development after cell methodology, The Globe and Mail (Toronto), June 15, 2001 at A1.  17. E. Ryan et al., Glycemic Outcome Post Islet Transplantation, Abstract #33-LB, Annual Meeting of the American Diabetes Association, June 24, 2001. See: http://38.204.37.95/am01/AnnualMeeting/Abstracts/NumberResults.asp?idAbs=33-LB.  18. M. McCullough, Islet transplants offer expectation that diabetes can be relieved, Philadelphia Inquirer, June 22, 2001 at A1.  19. D. Woodbury et al., Grown-up Rat and Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Differentiate Into Neurons, 61 J. of Neuroscience Research 364-70 (2000) at 364 (accentuation included).  20. D. Prockop, Foundational microorganism Research Has Only Just Begun (Letter), 293 Science 211-2 (13 July 2001)(citations overlooked).

Sample Essay in Gothic Poetry

Sample Essay in Gothic Poetry When referring to gothic poetry we don’t expect it to be an easy reading. As a rule gothic writings are spooky, dark and desperate. Edgar Allen Poe, whose life was full of challenges and losses, could have become a vivid character of a gothic novel himself. Perhaps, that’s why he was so good in describing those dark corners of our mind which from time to time step out to the light of our consciousness. «The Raven » is a real anthem to Poe’s writing genius of enriching simple things with deep, multidimensional symbols. In this short essay, we’ll consider three such symbols appearing in «The Raven » Lenore â€" the symbol of obsession with ideas or people we all fall victims to at some point in our lives. This person appears from the very beginning and gains more and more presence throughout the poem, but never becomes a full-fledged character. We don’t know anything about her except for the name and the fact that the narrator is obsessed with feelings and memories about her. This obsession makes us think that Lenore is someone important to him â€" probably a lover, a wife, a mother or a sister who he has lost. We would never know and, most probably, we are not supposed to. All, what the author wants us to be aware of, is the feeling of sorrow which can be so overwhelming that one can’t resist a temptation to be obsessed with it. The raven â€" incarnation of thoughts and feelings which are connected with the aforementioned obsession. Until the end of the poem, the reader can’t understand whether this raven is a real creature or just a symbol of the internal dialogue of the narrator who is apparently losing his sanity because of the Lenore. The raven is an unrelenting judge, representing the hard reality which the narrator tries to question and deny, but in vain. The raven also symbolizes those mood fluctuations which go hand in hand with the aforementioned internal dialogue. As the story develops, it constantly fluctuates between invigorating pledges and depressed notions about the frailty of life. These states of narrator’s mind are interchanging very quickly immersing readers into his mode of thinking. «Nevermore » the raven’s answer to all the pledges of the narrator. It symbolizes irreversibility of the event which happened. Regardless how hard the narrator tries to cope with the loss and comfort himself, the raven’s «nevermore » returns his mind to the state of grief and sorrow. This constant reference demonstrates that it’s in our nature to be overwhelmed with such negative, dark feelings but it depends only on us whether we’ll be able to overcome the void of «nevermore » or we’ll be enslaved by it until it will drive us insane. In his poem, Edgar Allen Poe perfectly described the cycle of feelings of a person overcoming a loss which spikes from melancholy to hope and back to frustration. «The Raven » is a first person perspective on the grief, which gives the reader a possibility to look at personal problems from the outside perspective and cope with personal issues.

Why Do People Commit Crime - 1300 Words

Why do people commit crime? Identify and explore 3 theories of crime and evaluate their key strengths and weaknesses Discuss the role of rehabilitation in the justice system (using three theories of crime to back up) The Oxford Dictionary defines a crime as an action or omission, which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law . Criminological studies look into why individuals commit crime and why they behave the way they do in certain situations. By understanding this, one is able to develop theories and develop ways to control crime or rehabilitate the individual. The aim of rehabilitation is to prevent further crimes from happening and it has been a key feature of prisons since the 18th century. In 1779 the British government passed the Penitentiary Act, which made rehabilitation of criminals a function of all prisons. Rehabilitation puts and emphasis on corrections as opposed to punishment, as it is believed that this is a more effective way of preventing the individual of committing further crimes. This essay will discuss the question of why individuals commit crime, exploring three theories of crime; social disorganisation theory, rational choice theory, and biological theories. It will also discuss the role of rehabilitation in the criminal justice system. Social Disorganisation Theory: Poverty is often identified as a major cause of crime. Starting from the 1970s, studies in the US pointed more and more at the link between unemployment, poverty andShow MoreRelatedWhy Do People Commit Crimes?1145 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand why people commit crimes and why they engaged in anti-social behavior. It may sound simple but scientist and criminologist have struggled to answer this question. There is not a central reason that leads a person to engage in a criminal behavior but there are numerous of factors that contribute for one person to break the laws. Several theories have been analyzed and studied by criminologists but the criminal justice system not only relies in one theory why people commit crimes. I believeRead MoreOutline Of An Overall Theory918 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to www.merriam-webster.com the term â€Å"crime† is defined as: â€Å"an illegal act for which someone can be punished by the government†. Some individuals in our society commit some type of crime every day, but why? In this assignment I will try to compile an overall theory as to why individuals commit crimes. While doing my research I came across 10 reasons/factors that can possibly explain why individuals commit crimes. These reasons include: The Prison System, drugs, depression and other socialRead MoreThe Problem Of Crime Rate1703 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Crime is a big problem in the world. Many believe that nothing can be done to prevent it. The crime rates are increasing rapidly all around the world. Crime is not easy to completely remove from our society. For many years Scientist and psychologists have argued over whether upbringing forms of a child’s behavior or whether they are born with a personality disorder, or could it be the way their brain is set up or their body type? Society may never really know all the causes of this criminalRead MoreAntisocial Personality Theory vs. Social Structure Theory Essay1366 Words   |  6 Pageswhich crime is considered as a social happening. The study of Criminology includes the ways and methods of breaking laws, making laws and social/media/cultural reactions of the society to crime. There have been many theories as to why people commit crime, no one can decide on just one theory to explain this. Two popular theories as to why people commit crime are antisocial personality theory an d social structure theory. The aspects behind these theories make the most reliable sense as to why peopleRead MoreEssay On White Collar Crime884 Words   |  4 Pagesbehind the commission of white-collar crimes. Many of the current studies focus on a wide range of factors, rather than on few factors, to explain why people commit white-collar crimes in modern society. Sutherland theorized that white-collar crimes and conventional crimes were similar enough to focus on poverty and social pathologies as the base reasoning for committing each type of crime (Friedrichs, 2014). However, many of the people who commit white collar crimes do not live in poverty, and generallyRead MoreAssess the Usefulness of Functionalist Approaches in Explaining Crime. (21)964 Words   |  4 Pageswhole. They explain crime and deviance by stating that the source of deviance lies in the nature of society rather than the individual. Durkheim states that crime and deviance is inevitable and a certain level is necessary for society to exist. He also claims that it is a positive aspect of society as it shows examples of rights and wrongs within society and by punishing offenders, through ways such as public humiliation and portraying crime as wrong, raises awareness of crime and therefore detersRead MoreWhy Women Commit So Many Less Crime?976 Words   |  4 PagesStatistically women commit quite a bit less crime in almost every category especially violent crimes. Many people wonder why this is the case because we are all people and it shouldn t matter that much. Though every year this doesn’t seem to change. So I will be discussing some of the reasons why this is the case in this paper and uncovering some causes. The first reason why women commit so many less crimes is because of the chemical balance and hormones in their bodies. Men have much more testosteroneRead MoreWhy People Commit Crimes1403 Words   |  6 Pagesperson has it own opinion. Crime is the human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws, according with Schmalleger. The criminal behavior is the antisocial acts that a person commits for different reasons. This means that the person violated laws constantly for a long or short time period. There are many reasons why criminals commit crimes. Some of the criminals commit crimes for necessity, others forRead MoreThe Underlying Cause Of Criminal s Minds And How They Are Developed1383 Words   |  6 Pagescriminologists have created theories that attempt to prove why criminals commit unlawful acts. At the start of the research it was thought that criminals are developed biologically t hrough genes and hormones. As continued studies were conducted, criminologists decided that psychological reasoning is more efficient in explaining why crimes occur. Factors such as family life and decision making help explain what goes on in a criminal’s mind before committing a crime. Although evidence is proving this true, the debateRead MoreBehavioral Learning Theory Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesThe Behavioral Learning Theory believes that behavior is learned from either the environment, the people in the individuals life, the media, or society as a whole. This theory contradicts the Biological theory, which states that criminals are born to be bad and that criminal behavior is inherited. The behavioral theory looks at the environment as well as societys impact on how an individual acts which might be the reason for criminal behavior. This theory blames the environment as well as the

A Miserable Wondering and Seeking - 1099 Words

English 110 Junjie Wang A Miserable Wondering and Seeking â€Å"Poems come out of wonder, not out of knowing,† according to Lucille Clifton, a famous American writer and educator. The best example of this wondering is shown in the poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†. â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, written by William Blake in 1789, is a poem that reflects a shameful eighteenth century social problems. It shows the exploitations to the little children—the chimney sweepers. Those sweepers are even too young to have their own complete thoughts, but they are still on their own effort to seek comfort in this suffering situation. Therefore, the poems is trying to lead readers to experience a miserable and desperate situation and then to seek a way out along with†¦show more content†¦The strong contrast between the dream and the reality makes people feel upset and heartbreaking because we see these children still have to undertake much what they are not supposed to bear. Nevertheless, what upsets people more was the fa ct that these chimney sweeper accept their current fate happily with a hope that future will be better if they obey the rule and do their duty. However, the fact is that the circumstances have no hope of freedom from this oppression if they don’t take any action. Therefore, this is an anesthetization in mind because, in this way, workers and the weak would not unite to stand against the inhuman conditions forced upon them. Blake here critiques not just the deplorable conditions of the children sold into chimney sweeping, but also the society, and particularly its religious aspect that would offer these children palliatives rather than aid. That the speaker and Tom Dacre gets up from the vision to head back into their dangerous drudgery suggests that these children cannot help themselves, so it is left to responsible, sensitive adults to do something for them. Wondering about the future of them, the chimney sweepers introduce their lifestyles and dreams to people. Without knowing whereShow MoreRelatedThe Myth Of God s God1030 Words   |  5 Pagesto seek materialistic inventions, to structure their own earthly heaven, build a crumbling success that clings to that which is satanic and forgets their Creator. Before creation, no man spent a lifetime running from the purpose of his creation, seeking his own ungodly selfish end, and die not only rejecting his Savior and God but rejecting the treasure of an eternity in Glory. Could it be that when God planned to create mankind that he knew that man would fall and that his nature would be to seekRead MoreDeath, Pain, And Hope By Denis Johnson1570 Words   |  7 Pagescreates a story that has the mixed feelings of darkness, desperation, compassion, and humor. This is a story about a man, refers to as Fuckhead, in his early twenties drowning in drugs, wondering from place to place with other ju nkie friends, making awful life choices, behaving like a naà ¯ve kid, but still seeking for redemption and meaning. This book consists several short stories about death, pain, and hope. Denis Johnson shows readers the great desperation through the damaged and desperate narratorRead MoreThe Birthplace Of A Nation1180 Words   |  5 Pageseven Mexico. In fact, only two of the delegates were native Texans (Nance, 2010, [â€Å"Republic of Texas† paragraph 2]). The meeting was scheduled for March 1, 1836. â€Å"It was a very cold day†¦it was thirty-three degrees and the wind was blowing. It was a miserable day†¦Ã¢â‚¬  says Mr. Don Greer, a volunteer at the historic town of Washington on the Brazos (D. Greer, personal communication, October 22, 2016). These men all met in the little wooden building that is now called affectionately â€Å"Independence Hall.† ItRead MoreThe Birthplace Of A Nation Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup of delegates who were from Ir eland, some were from England, and some were from Mexico among other countries. The meeting was scheduled for March 1, 1836. â€Å"It was a very cold day†¦it was thirty-three degrees and the wind was blowing. It was a miserable day†¦Ã¢â‚¬  says Mr. Don Greer, a volunteer at the historic town of Washington on the Brazos (D. Greer, personal communication, October 22, 2016). These men all met in the little wooden building that is now called affectionately â€Å"Independence Hall.† ItRead MoreJohn Milton s Paradise Lost1738 Words   |  7 Pagesthe opening lines of his epic: That to the heighth of this great argument I may assert eternal providence, And justify the ways of God to men. (1.24-26) This is the underlying point of the whole thing, Milton is seeking to justify the ways of God to me. The question this paper is seeking to answer is this: how did he do? Can we look at Paradise lost and declare it a successful defence? If God was taken to an impartial and perfect court with Paradise Lost as his defences, would he be exonerated?Read MoreThe Irony of the Jungle1510 Words   |  7 PagesIrony of The Jungle Between 1870 and 1900 Chicago grew from a population of 299,000 to almost 1.7 million, the fastest-growing city ever at the time. This surge in population was largely attributed to immigrants coming from European countries seeking a chance for employment and new freedoms associated with moving to the United States at the time. 1905, in particular, was a historic year when a surge of over 1 million immigrants came to the city. During this time, author Upton Sinclair was workingRead MoreSummary Of Mother By Sherwood Anderson1525 Words   |  7 Pagescharacteristics. Anderson’s story develops Elizabeth from old to young which has an effect of how the reader perceives her character. In the opening lines of the story we are given the exposition which plunges the reader into this bleak and miserable scene. â€Å"[Elizabeth] was tall and gaunt and her face was marked with smallpox scars†¦was but forty five†¦some obscure disease has taken the fire out of her figure† (Anderson 181). It is interesting that Anderson gives the reader a Woman already lateRead MoreEssay about Balcony Scnece in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1161 Words   |  5 PagesCapulet that Romeo was up before dawn, possibly up all night, and has been wondering the woods, seeking solitude. Lord Capulet adds more information, by complaining about his sons recent behaviour; which Benvolio says, happens often, Romeo sighs and cries about his unrequited love and locks himself away in his chamber. The audience expect someone who is soft natured, a loner, subdued and miserable. 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At this point in the play, Hamlet is wondering whether it would not be better to end his life than to face the trials and tribulations ahead (Hamlet 19). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hamlet is perplexed between life and death at this point because Hamlet knows that he must seek revenge, yet he is still uncertain of murdering Claudius. Hamlet contemplates suicide because he is miserable over heisting the murder of Claudius. In this scene, the two main themes of

Ch 18 Free Essays

Chapter 18 Ethers Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides Assigned Reading from McMurry: Read Sections 18. 1 through 18. 9; not responsible for â€Å"Focus on †¦ Epoxy Resins Adhesives, pp. We will write a custom essay sample on Ch 18 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 697-698). Recommended Problems from McMurry: 18. 1a-e;18. 18. 2;18. 3a-d; 18. 4; 18. 5a-d; 18. 6a-b; 18. 7a-b; 18. 8; 18. 9; 18. 10; 18. 11; 18. 12a,b; 18. 13a,b; 18. 14a-c; 18. 16a-f; 18. 17; 18. 18; 18. 19a-c; 18. 20; 18. 21; 18. 22; 18. 23a-e; 18. 24a-I; 18. 25a-f; 18. 26a-d; 18. 27; 18. 28; 18. 29ad; 18. 30a-e; 18. 31; 18. 32; 18. 33; 18. 34; 18. 35a-d; 18. 36; 18. 37; 18. 38; 18. 39; 18. 40a,b; 18. 41a-d; 18. 2; 18. 43; 18. 44; 18. 45; 18. 45; 18. 46; 18. 47; 18. 48; 18. 49; 18. 51; 18. 52; 18. 53; 18. 54; 18. 551-e; 18. 56; 18. 57; 18. 58a-b; 18. 59a-b; 18. 60; 18. 61. 18. 1 Names and Properties of Ethers Method A: Simple ethers; alphabetize if two organic substituents. CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3 Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether O CH3–CH2–CH2–O–CH3 CH3 Methyl phenyl ether SP 18. 01 Provide systematic names for the following ethers. CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3 O SP 18. 02 Provide structures for the following systematic names. Systematic name: Isopropyl phenyl ether Systematic name: Cyclohexyl ethyl ether Method B: Other functional groups present, ether component is an â€Å"alkoxy† substituent. Alkoxy examples: methoxy -OCH3, ethoxy -OCH2CH3, propoxy -OCH2CH2CH3, etc. O C H3 O CH3 O C H3 para-Dimethoxybenzene 3-Methoxy-1-cyclopentene SP 18. 03 Provide systematic names for the following complex ethers. OCH3 O CH2CH3 Cl SP 18. 04 Provide structures for the following systematic names. Systematic name: meta-Bromopropoxybenzene Systematic name: 1-Isopropoxycyclopentene 18. 2 Synthesis of Ethers The Williamson Ether Synthesis R + O an alkoxide C X R SN2 an alkyl halide methyl 1o best; X = Cl, Br, I, OTos O C ether product Example: O Na + Sodium phenoxide CH3 Br O CH3 Phenyl methyl ether (anisole) + Na Br + X SP 18. 05 Complete the following reactions. CH3 CH3 C O Na + CH3 I + Na I CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH3 I + Na O CH3 + Na I SP 18. 06 Provide the suitable alkoxide and alkyl halide necessary to produce 2-ethoxy-2-methyl butane in good yield. CH3 CH3 CH2 C O CH3 CH2 CH3 + Na Br 8. 4 Oxymercuration Intermediates †¢ For laboratory-scale hydration of an alkene †¢ †¢ Use mercuric acetate in THF followed by sodium borohydride Markovnikov orientation – via mercurinium ion Alkoxymercuration of Alkenes General Reaction: R C C 2) NaBH4 H C R Ether Alkene RO Step #1 RO C 1) Hg(OAc)2, ROH H g OA c C C Step #2 R + HOAc Markovnikov addition SP 18. 07 Complete the following reactions by displaying the final major organic product. H C 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3OH H C 2) NaBH4 H CH3 CH3 C C H CH3 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3OH 2) NaBH4 SP 18. 08 Specify the alkene and alcohol needed to produce the following ether. Alcohol OCH2CH3 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3 2) NaBH4 Alkene 18. 3 Reactions of Ethers: Acidic Ether Cleavage General Reaction: HX C O C C OH + X C (strong acid) Ether Alcohol Alkyl halide SP 18. 09 Predict the product for the following ether-cleavage reaction. CH3 CH3 C O CH3 HBr CH2CH3 8. 4 Reactions of Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement O OH 1,3 O to C shift Thermodynamically more stable o 250 Allyl phenyl ether C9H10O ortho-Allyl phenol C9H10O Mechanism (involves six-membered transition state): 1 O TS 2 3 1 O 2 H keto-enol tautomerization 3 O H SP 18. 10 Predict the structure for the following Claisen rearrangement. O o 250 2-Butenyl phenyl ether C10H12O 18. 5 Cyclic Ethers: Epoxides (2 methods) General Reaction 1: O C C + R Alkene C O O O O C H A peracid C An epoxide R C O A carboxylic acid Specific Example 1: O Cl C O O H m-CPBA o H O O + CH2Cl2, 25 C H 1,2-Epoxycycloheptane Cl H C O H 18. Cyclic Ethers: Epoxides (2 methods) General Reaction 2: C OH X2, H2O C C C X A halohydrin Alkene O NaOH H2O C + H2O + NaX C An epoxide Review Section 7. 3 Specific Example 2: H CH3 C C H CH3 cis-2-Butene Br2 H2O H CH3 Br C OH C H CH3 NaOH H2O O HC CH3 C H + H2O + NaBr CH3 meso-2,3-Dimethyl-oxirane (or cis-2,3-epoxybutane) SP 18. 11 Fill in the appropriate intermediates showing the correct stereochemistry. H CH3 C C CH3 Br2 NaOH H H2O H2O trans-2-Butene + H2O + NaBr 18. 6 Reactions of Epoxides: Ring-Opening General epoxide structure: O C Since each atom is sp3 there is considerable angle strain in the epoxide ring-system. C Acidic Conditions: Epoxide opening under acidic conditions (aqueous acid) yields 1,2-diols General Reaction: H H O O C H C HO C H2O An epoxide C OH A 1,2-diol (glycol) H O C H C + O H H O C + C H O H H O H Specific Example (using symmetrical epoxide): H + H H3O OH H2O OH O H H trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediol SP 18. 12 Predict the correct structure of the product diol showing the correct stereochemistry. O H CH3 C C CH3 H trans-2,3-epoxybutane H3O+ H2O Note: Epoxide opening under anhydrous acidic conditions yields halohydrins. Specific Example (2 ° and 1 ° carbons): o 1 carbon o 2 carbon O CH3 H C C H H 1,2-Epoxypropane OH HCl Et2O CH3 C Cl CH2 Cl + CH3 H 1-Chloro-2-propanol (90%) C CH2 OH H 2-Chloro-1-propanol (10%) SP 18. 13 Using the above model predict the major halohydrin. O H C H C HCl H Et2O O H C C H H HCl OH C Et2O H Cl CH2 Cl + C CH2 OH H Explanation: In cases where a 2 ° carbon and a 1 ° carbon form the epoxide ring, the major halohydrin product will be the one where the incipient alcohol is 2 ° and the halide is 1 °. Upon protonation of the epoxide oxygen the halide ion simple attacks the less-hindered 1 ° carbon with a greater frequency to give the major regioisomer. Specific Example (3 ° and 1 ° carbons): SP 18. 4 Using the above model predict the major halohydrin. Circle one. O C C H H HCl OH C Et2O + C H Cl Cl H C OH C H H Explanation: In cases where a 3 ° carbon and a 1 ° carbon form the epoxide ring, the major halohydrin product will be the one where the incipient alcohol is 1 ° and the halide is 3 °. Upon protonation of the epoxide oxygen the halogen attacks the more-stabilized (same as moresubstituted) carbon atom to give the major regioisomer described. Basic Conditions: Note: Nucleophile will always attack least-hindered position. Specific Example: o 3 carbon 1o carbon O CH3 CH3 C C H H OH NaOH H2O, ? CH3 C CH2 OH CH3 -Methyl-1,2-propanediol SP 18. 15 Predict the structure of the 1,2-diol from the following reaction. O C C H H NaOH H2O, ? Reaction with Grignard Reagents: O CH3 CH3 C C H H OH 1) CH3CH2MgBr, Et2O 2) (aq) NH4Cl CH3 C CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 SP 18. 16 Predict the structure of the organic product from the following Grignardepoxide reaction. O H C C H H 1) CH3MgBr, Et2O 2) (aq) NH4Cl Reaction with a 1 ° amine: O H C OH CH2 H H2NCH2CH2CH3 C CH2 N CH2 CH2 H Reaction with a 2 ° amine: O H C OH H H3C CH2 + N H3C H C CH2 N CH3 CH3 CH3 SP 18. 17 Predict the structure of the epoxide and amine needed to generate the amino alcohol shown to the right. OH + CH3 C CH3 Epoxide Amine CH2 N H 18. 7 Crown Ethers †¢ Large rings consisting of repeating (-OCH2CH2-) or similar units †¢ Named as x-crown-y – x is the total number of atoms in the ring – y is the number of oxygen atoms – 18-crown-6 ether: 18-membered ring containing 6 oxygen atoms †¢ Central cavity is electronegative and attracts cations 18. 8 Thiols and Sulfides †¢ Thiols (RSH), are sulfur analogues of alcohols – Named with the suffix -thiol – SH group is called â€Å"mercapto group† (â€Å"capturer of mercury†) Thiols: Formation and Reaction †¢ From alkyl halides by displacement with a sulfur nucleophile such as –SH The alkylthiol product can undergo further reaction with the alkyl halide to give a symmetrical sulfide, giving a poorer yield of the thiol Sulfides †¢ Sulfides (RSR? ), are sulfur analogues of ethers – Named by rules used for ethers, with sulfide in place of ether for sim ple compounds and alkylthio in place of alkoxy Using Thiourea to Form Alkylthiols †¢ Thiols can undergo further reaction with the alkyl halide to give dialkyl sulfides †¢ For a pure alkylthiol use thiourea (NH2(C=S)NH2) as the nucleophile †¢ This gives an intermediate alkylisothiourea salt, which is hydrolyzed cleanly to the alkyl thiourea Oxidation of Thiols to Disulfides Reaction of an alkyl thiol (RSH) with bromine or iodine gives a disulfide (RSSR) †¢ The thiol is oxidized in the process and the halogen is reduced Sulfides †¢ Thiolates (RS? ) are formed by the reaction of a thiol with a base †¢ Thiolates react with primary or secondary alkyl halide to give sulfides (RSR’) †¢ Thiolates are excellent nucleophiles and react with many electrophiles Sulfides as Nucleophiles †¢ Sulfur compounds are more nucleophilic than their oxygen-compound analogues – 3p valence electrons (on S) are less tightly held than 2p electrons (on O) â⠂¬ ¢ Sulfides react with primary alkyl halides (SN2) to give rialkylsulfonium salts (R3S+) Oxidation of Sulfides †¢ Sulfides are easily oxidized with H2O2 to the sulfoxide (R2SO) †¢ Oxidation of a sulfoxide with a peroxyacid yields a sulfone (R2SO2) †¢ Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is often used as a polar aprotic solvent 18. 9 Spectroscopy of Ethers †¢ Infrared: C–O single-bond stretching 1050 to 1150 cm? 1 overlaps many other absorptions. †¢ Proton NMR: H on a C next to ether O is shifted downfield to ? 3. 4 to ? 4. 5 – The 1H NMR spectrum of dipropyl ether shows this signal at ? 3. 4 – In epoxides, these H’s absorb at ? 2. 5 to ? 3. 5 in their 1H NMR spectra Carbon NMR: C’s in ethers exhibit a downfield shift to ? 50 to ? 80 Let’s Work a Problem When 2-methyl-2,5-pentanediol is treated with sulfuric acid, dehydration occurs and 2,2dimethyltetrahydrofuran is formed. Suggest a mechanism for this reaction. Which of the t wo oxygen atoms is most likely to be eliminated and why? Answer First, there is protonation of the 3? –OH group, then a 3? carbocation is formed via loss of H2O. Then there is a nucleophilic attack of the carbocation by the 2nd –OH group. The 3? OH group is the one eliminated in all likelihood because its removal involves the formation of the more stable 3? carbocation. How to cite Ch 18, Papers

The Nature of Knowledge Work and Knowledge Workers

The nature of knowledge work and knowledge workers Knowledge management involves discovering, developing, exploiting, and offering the knowledge contained within and without the organizations premises. By use of relevant management process, the management is able to cater for current and future requirements of the organization.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Nature of Knowledge Work and Knowledge Workers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Knowledge work is the type of work that calls for specialized knowledge and skills, in such works, there would be need for creating a new knowledge for the activity to continue. The major difference between the knowledge work and physical labor is that the knowledge work is based on creating more knowledge for the worker to create some values in his activities. Knowledge workers are the individuals who have high levels of education specializing on a specific area, and mo st of the time, these workers apply their cognitive skills when about to handle complex situations. The definition of knowledge workers is very broad, and requires different levels of understanding for one to incorporate the meaning. For instance, all sorts of meaningful work are under this category because even activities like cutting hair, hair styling, or other minor works, the workers involved in them have some levels of specialized knowledge about their work. The only difference that is realized is on their productivity and effectiveness with regard to individual’s knowledge. To most of people, knowledge workers are taken to be individuals in the famous professions like lawyers, scientists, teachers, etc. To some extent, some top positions that can also be categorized under such levels include the senior personnel in advertising, insurance, and in project development among many others. As far as the world has diverse activities, many types of jobs are upcoming, which req uire specialized knowledge like musicians, business executives, and even some top officials in government. The works of knowledge workers involve much the interpretation and controlling of information, and at a certain point to come up with new knowledge. This makes it unique from the usual manner of data collection and then processing to obtain the results of the issue in question (Garber, 2003). There is a major difference between knowledge workers and less skilled or white-collar workers, who are destined to a certain work routine, with a specific structure and limitations as well.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the current world, most of people are adopting the qualities of knowledge workers due to the availability of the right resources to perform their activities. The introductions of computer-based technologies in most production companies have facilitated th e practice of knowledge workers with some employees . In most of the factories today, even the lowest levels of employment like factory floor workers requires some knowledge and high tech skills, as most of them are done with machines. The main background of knowledge workers is to handle diverse set of tasks and responsibilities by use of their knowledge and creation of a new knowledge. In the current working conditions, there are two main types of knowledge workers such as knowledge executors and knowledge generators. Knowledge executors are those groups of workers who make use of the existing knowledge by controlling the information through processes conceived by others (Davenport, Prusak, 2007). Knowledge generators, come up with new knowledge by controlling information to come up with a new resolution to a certain challenge, or rather introduce new concepts or products in that matter. Although these two are the known types of knowledge workers, it is hard to fix a certain work er to one category and fit there completely. This is because the entire knowledge work involves both activities, but you will find that some jobs use much of knowledge execution than knowledge generation and at times vice versa. How knowledge work and workers may be hindered or helped in an organization There are various ways through which knowledge workers and knowledge work can be helped or hindered in an organization. These workers are referred to as knowledge workers due to their high levels of education and experience, and their main activity in working involves more creation ok knowledge. Some of the main factors in an organization that may end up supporting knowledge workers and knowledge work are the learning culture of the organization, some human resource practices like reward systems, and the organization performance.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Nature of Knowledge Work and Knowledge Workers specifically for you for only $16.0 5 $11/page Learn More Any organization that is in need of attracting and retaining knowledge workers to their organization must be concerned to some important issues such as wants, their desires at their working conditions, ways to motivate them, manage their goals, and considering their values in work. The most important aspect that knowledge workers require in any organization is autonomy (Holtom, Mitchell, Lee, 2006). These workers should have a free and personal control of their lives and their activities. This applies to all sorts of knowledge workers despite they are working in large or small institutions. As long as this worker is in possession of inbuilt sense of self-worthiness and he or she is specialized in his professions. Managing knowledge workers has been taken as a challenge always due to the need for personal self-control. These workers require the freedom of choosing where to work, the resources that they need for their work, and most probably set t heir targets at the end of a certain period. Workers and other top managers know that organization is a place with many opportunities for growth especially in knowledge (De Geus, 2002). Knowledge workers should be given the available opportunities to develop and advance their knowledge and experience. Mostly, the advancement of technology is also calling for more experienced and knowledgeable workers, and that is why they should be given such opportunities to face those challenges in a better way. When such opportunities arise, the management as well as the workers should take them positively. Knowledge workers contribute positively to the growth and development of the company, and hence should be motivated daily to keep their productivity high and feel satisfied when performing their duties (Horwitz, Heng, Quazi, 2003). The major theme behind keeping the spirit of the workers high is to maintain their value to the business. Lack of motivational practices in any organization, may r esult to serious negative implications to the business. That is why the human resource department puts all the efforts to ensure workers are treated well. In most of the researches done in various organizations, it is evident that employees, who are regularly motivated, deliver their best in their productivity.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to various motivational programs that are practiced in various organizations, the high advanced organizations also, make use of motivational games for their employees (Jamrog, 2004). Most of the knowledge workers get involved in serious and tiresome activities that require some form of refreshment. By such games, employees are motivated and at the same time, fun is included into their busy lives. The management can inspire its workers through practice of motivational games that are meant to be among the organizations sources of happiness. The combination of inspired and happy workers is a clear picture of an organization that is ready to benefit from its workers. When workers are practicing these motivational games, they interact with one another from the top most to juniors and work as a team. Such activities promote the spirit of teamwork a great deal, something that is very crucial to any developing organization (Coleman, 2003). The tactics of practicing teamwork are learnt through such activities. Workers come from various backgrounds that are different from one another, and the use of games contributes positively in promoting the concepts of teamwork for the people who have different views. In most of organizations, puzzle games are the ones played by the workers, whereby employees are divided into small groups, and are given some puzzles to solve. The group that provides the solution within the stipulated time first gets the reward. Tug-o-war is another popular game among the employees that involves two groups of people pulling the rope each on their side (Horwitz, Heng, Quazi, 2003). The group that manages to pull the full rope on their side is declared as the winner. Other motivational games that are played by employees include blindfolded obstacle, balloon blowing, talk all the way etc. The interaction part of the employees is the one mostly promoted by use of motivational games. Motivational games assist in removing the ice between diffe rent groups, and employees get a good opportunity of knowing each other in a better way. Some employees get a good chance of portraying their hidden potential and talents that may have help to them, and to the organization as a whole. The role of HR in supporting knowledge work and motivating knowledge workers In any organization, it the role of the human resource management to ensure that there are policies to support knowledge work, and on the other hand motivate knowledge employees. Some of the commonly practices that are used by the human resource managers are recognition of the workers, incentives, provision of interpersonal support, setting clear goals for them etc. knowledge worker motivation is very crucial due to improving individual performances hence the overall group productivity. When the human resource manager fails to motivate the workers, the productivity of the organization may decline with time (Glebbeek, Bax, Erik, 2004). When a worker if found to meet his or dea dlines, and the output is of quality, such a worker should be recognized among the rest. It depends with the policies of every organization, on how best to recognize such a worker. In some organizations, such workers are rewarded in front of his or her colleagues as a way of motivating the rest also to perform better. Through recognition, the best performer gets the morale of even performing better and better. On the other hand, those who were not recognized put extra efforts to ensure that they also receive recognition during the next period. Through this process, it is evident that all the workers feel needed, appreciated and of much value to the entire organization. Knowledge workers are not just like any other worker; they are a rare commodity and an important asset of the organization (Delery, 2008). If they are not made to feel that they are valued in the organization, they may end up quitting and joining other organizations. They are technical personnel who have the most esse ntial techniques of handling issues. In some cases, if they may fail to work, it means the production may be affected as they use their own experience and knowledge. Whenever a problem arises within an organization, knowledge workers should be given the necessary support and resources to ensure that they handle their challenges amicably. The way an organization sets its goals may be a factor to determine the effectiveness of a knowledge worker. The human resource management should set achievable goals for these workers, and targets that are practically achievable. Although they are the most paid in any organization, their targets should not be set so high to compromise their salaries (Holtom, Mitchell Lee, 2006). High targets that are hard to achieve may end up de-motivating these workers, and hence lower the productivity of the organization. The management should increase the goals systematically, for instance, what they have achieved in one month should be increased relatively to be the target for the following month. Their work involves much thinking, and several incidences that require creativity. When they work for long without a break, they may probably lower their productivity; it is the responsibility of the human resource management to come up with an applicable policy, on how these knowledge workers would be breaking to take a rest. Giving workers days off and leaves whenever necessary is a better way of ensuring that they relax, and resume their work when they are relaxed. Incase an organization is undertaking a certain project, and the key people who are leading the project are the knowledge workers, it is important for the human resource management or the supervisors to follow up the progress. These workers should not be left alone during such serious projects, but the management should show their concern by making follow-ups and enquiring of any needed resources to make it a success (De Geus, 2002). Through this, these workers feel cared for and an important part of the organization. Other factors that the management should cater for when motivating knowledge workers are punctuality, and willingness to attain the targets. A good working environment is another form of motivation, whereby workers love coming to work and enjoy attending to their duties. The culture and the working environment of a working place determine a lot on the characters and leadership styles that one possesses. The culture of an organization influences much the behaviors of workers. The actions and the behaviors of the workers depend on the styles that they adopt and get used to (De Geus, 2002). The three mainly compelling aspects in motivation are achievement, affiliation, and authority related motivation. This brings out the fact that different managers have different motivational drives. It does not matter a lot, on what the manager may be applying to motivate the workers, but the most important thing is to ensure, the comfort of the workers within the organization. These knowledge workers require both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. These two types of motivation are very important to any worker, as he or she would be able to deliver the best to the management. Intrinsic motivation is internally derived, because of benefits that one receives from his or her work (De Geus, 2002). Once they accept the fact that their work is wonderful and its benefitting them, the extrinsic motivation may then drive them further. The human resource managers activate the intrinsic motivation within workers, by offering them a specific purpose or an objective that they are passionate. It is always advantageous to the organization, when the management presents the most challenging activities to the internally motivated workers, because they will definitely perform better. Both types of motivation are very essential to workers as well as to the entire organization. Currently, most of the organizations are using creative visualization to give po wer to individual workers, through which one can observe and realize the ideas and images related to the set objectives (Coleman, 2003). Although workers are motivated to put extra efforts for their rewards, incentives, and other material gains, managers should bear in mind that material things are not everything as far as the relationship of workers and organization are concerned. The rewarding systems should be done accordingly, depending on the needs and desires of workers. This is when recognition and appreciation gain more value in worker motivation than any material gains. The human resource management is one of major resources within any organization that is relied upon for growth and profitability. For any organization to maximize the productivity of its workers, it is advisable to concentrate on two most important concepts of personal employee motivation and the working environment of the workers (Delery, 2008). Through goals, projects and allocation of interesting activiti es to the workers, it is a clear way of promoting the enthusiasm of workers to deliver fully in that responsibility. The act of recognizing every employee who is taking part in a certain project is very crucial in an organization. Rewarding and appreciating workers verbally is a known tip of improving their morale as well as their productivity. Another strategy that human resource management would employ to motivate their workers is by making the working environment wonderful. A good and encouraging working environment is one where all workers are treated in a fair manner without any form of discrimination (Horwitz, Heng, Quazi, 2003). Respect is an important virtue to be practiced in an entire organization. The duties and any contribution by a worker should be treated with much respect, to ensure workers have the right to exercise their freedom of expression. In some of organization, workers are provided with a place, where they can express their feelings, ideas, recommendations, complain, etc. Praising employees for something good they have done is known to increase their efforts and productivity as well. When it comes to praising workers for their efforts and success use of simple words can be applicable. It is researched that some people do not put any value to simple words like â€Å"well done†, â€Å"good job† etc. some managers tend to think that praising someone should be associated with rewards and gifts (Garvin, 2006). Several studies have proved the importance of expressing appreciation by words of mouth especially from a manager to the workers. Such an issue makes workers to feel appreciated and of much value to the organization. Praises are good attributes that should never be ignored by any organization that is looking forward to thrive, because when used wisely, they can benefit an organization greatly. It is a good exercise for the human resource management to exercise free communication with the workers. Good and free communicat ion is one of the motivational factors that are known to increase workers productivity. Through clear communication, workers get a good chance of understanding their responsibilities, and on the other hand feel motivated to achieve their targets (Horwitz, Heng, Quazi, 2003). Along with motivational tips, human resource management should put into consideration such factors like good working conditions, and reasonable working environment. There is another important moment when workers motivation is very essential, that is during recession. Mostly, every organization at one time or the other is affected by recession, and during such periods, it is always necessary for an organization to motivate its workers (Delery, 2008). During such economic downturns, it also becomes extremely hard period for the workers as they are affected due to decrease in their salaries, and others fear to be laid off. This is a time when the entire organization is filled with anxiety from the top management t o the lowest level of management. It becomes hard for the workers to believe that their jobs are secured; such incidences make some workers to start looking for some other opportunities. If such challenges are not handled carefully, things may get out of control, and the situation in an organization may become worse than expected (Jamrog, 2004). Once workers start imagining that their job is no longer secured, they fail even to deliver what they are expected, and productivity decreases with time. It has proved to be a hard practice of motivating workers during recession, but it is never impossible, as some managers tend to think. Recession is a time when an organization is supposed to prove its ability to remain in the market with its workers intact. This is the time for the human resource management to remain open and honest to the workers by explaining why and how things are happening, the likely consequences of the situation, and the best way through which hardships will be overc ome. Hiding the worse situations and their outcomes from the workers may be a way of putting them off, and indirectly lowering their productivity (Cassselman, Samson, 2007). The best way of handling workers during such periods is for the human resource management to air things as they appear, and present their expectations as they wait for things to get back to normal. Showing panic or having gloomy forecasts may not be necessary during such periods, as the managers should prove that everything is under control. Showing panic may result to employees fear and lack of morale of performing their duties. The efforts of top leaders should be the best example to the rest of the workers; the leaders should create a positive environment during such hard periods as a way of motivating the rest. Other most important factors that may keep workers motivated during recession are by coming up with suitable strategies, and creating open lines of communication. The entire management should put its focus on future developments and minimize the gossips concerning the situation (Lubit, 2001). The use of team days is another that human resource management may apply to motivate workers. This is whereby a day is fixed and employees are invited to meet at a certain point away from the office probably in a resort (Hoopes Postrel, 2004). During such days, workers are allowed to interact with one another, whereby they are made to understand their responsibilities and consult whenever some clarification are needed to clear any form of misunderstanding. If both workers and the management team understand what is expected of them, it would be easier for everyone to handle his or her responsibilities. Working guidelines are very important as they set the boundaries that one is supposed to be restrained. The set boundaries are very essential part of work, and they should be made clear to every worker to understand what they should do, and what they should not do. When any worker knows, wha t he or she should do or not to do makes workers to prepare in advance on how best to execute their duties and responsibilities. During team days, individual feedbacks is given to workers to open a chance of discussing all their challenges, and factors that are likely to de-motivate them, incase there is any (Horwitz, Heng, Quazi, 2003). The most important thing to be known by all managers is that motivation is not something to be attained by one day, but a long time process. Motivational practices are supposed to be an ongoing process, which should be practiced for some years for the organization to get used and offer it effectively. Other things are taken as simple by management but they have a great impact to the worker. Just a simple smile can be a great motivator given by a manager to a worker that can make him or her feel better and even improve their productivity. In addition, the application of effective leadership and management can perform the responsibilities of motivati ng workers well. Bibliography Cassselman, R. M., Samson, D. (2007), â€Å"Aligning Knowledge Strategy and  Knowledge Capabilities.† Technology Analysis Strategic Management, Volume 19:1: 69-81. Coleman, J.S. (2003), â€Å"Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.† American Journal of Sociology, Volume 94: 95-120. Davenport, T.H., Prusak, L. (2007), Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage  What They Know. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. De Geus, A. (2002), The Living Company, Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Delery, J. E. (2008), â€Å"Issues of Fit in Strategic Human Research Management:  Implications for Research.† Human Resource Management Review, Volume 8:3: 289-309. Garber, M. A. (2003), Intent to Stay. Dissertation Abstracts International, DAI-A, Volume 64:5: 1746 (AAT 3092848). Garvin, D. A. (2006), â€Å"Building a Learning Organization.† Harvard Business Review, July-August: 78-91. Glebbeek, A. C., Bax, Erik H. (2 004), â€Å"Is Employee Turnover Really Harmful? An  Empirical Test Using Company Records.† Academy of Management Journal, Volume 47:2: 277-286. Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W. (2006), â€Å"Increasing Human and Social  Capital by Applying Job Embeddedness Theory.† Organizational Dynamics, Volume 35:4: 316-331. Hoopes, D.G., Postrel, S. (2004), â€Å"Shared Knowledge, â€Å"Glitches†, and Product  Development Performance†, Strategic Management Journal, Volume 20:9:837 865. Horwitz, F. M., Heng, C. T., Quazi, H. A. (2003), â€Å"Finders, Keepers? Attracting,  Motivating, and Retaining Knowledge Workers.† Human Resource Management Journal, Volume13:4: 23-44. Jamrog, J. (2004). â€Å"The Perfect Storm: The Future of Retention and Engagement.†Ã‚  Human Resource Planning, Volume 27:3: 26-33. Little, S., Ray, T. (2005), Managing knowledge: an essential reader, New York: SAGE. Lubit, R. (2001). â€Å"Tacit Knowledge and Know ledge Management: The Keys to  Sustainable Competitive Advantage.† Organizational Dynamics, Volume 29: 4: 164-178. Oswick, R. (2010), Interorganizational relationship: Organizational Theory and Design,  New York: Cengage Learning. This assessment on The Nature of Knowledge Work and Knowledge Workers was written and submitted by user Brandon Goff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Fog of War essay

buy custom Fog of War essay Question 1 Cuban missile crisis almost plunged the world into nuclear war had United State resorted to direct aggression. Cuban military was mounting weapons ready to retaliation in case of attack from United States. Missiles were already in place that any sign of attack would have amounted to the onset of nuclear war. The Cuban missile crisis was very dangerous attempt of war. It was most risky moments in the human history. The soviet missiles were able to destroy the entire Europe. However, the United State missiles were hazardous since it was possible to strike the whole Soviet Union. The Soviet Union, under the leadership of Premier Nikita Khrushchev, had gone further to increase the installation of more missiles in Cuba. There was a massive movement of troops, aircrafts, and ships that carried weapons. On the other hand, President John F. Kennedy has organized troops with weapons ready to launch an attack on Cuba which would have resulted into a holocaust. The crisis began after U.S. learnt that Soviet Union was in the process of constructing missiles in Cuba. It was revealed that all the missiles that were installed in Cuba were operational. This implied that had U.S. launched an immediate attack on Cuba the result would hae been very disastrous and one that had never been witnessed in human history. Despite the short duration that the crisis took, it absorbed the attentions of President Kennedy and all allies. The most dangerous part of the Cuba missile crisis occurred on 27th October when a [emailprotected] was shot over Cuba. It is documented that at the height of this crisis, U.S. Navy were in process of dropping signaling depth charges on the submarine of Soviet along the quarantine line. A series of military document reveals the escalating danger in regard to the crisis. Question 2 McNamara experience during the Cuban missile war transformed him with regard to disliking war. He asserts that misjudging the preparation of our adversary may cause a catastrophe which would rather be avoided. McNamara outlines that the use of nuclear weapons in war will lead to destruction of nations. This is in regard with the missiles of U.S. which were stipulated that would destroy the entire Soviet Union. He believes that war is not the best strategy for settling dispute among nations. The Cuban Missile Crisis was just minutes away from possible nuclear attacks. McNamara believes that a sense of empathy is very vital in dealing with adversaries globally as well as locally. He outlines that the breakdown of Non-Proliferation Regime poses a great threat of getting weapons of mass destruction in the hands of terrorists. He challenges the society to consider the aftermath of war, especially nuclear war, in the latter generations. One lesson from the life of McNamara refers to empathy with an enemy. He asserts that it was the presence of empathy that saved the world from a possible nuclear war which would have culminated to World War III. He further explains war can be averted if we chose to have the perspective of our enemy. This implies that we seek to understand the forces and motives behind their decisions and actions. He also explains that involving rationality in war crisis does nothing other than escalating the war. In his interview with Erris, he asserts that a combination of human rationality and nuclear weapons can cause unprecedented destruction to the world. He mentions the disagreement in Kennedys administration with regard to the best response for the two letters from the Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. He concludes that the advice of Ambassador Llewellyn (Tommy) Thompson saved the entire nation from plunging into war. He further explains that there was hidden tactical warhead in Cuba that coul d have been very destructive had U.S taken a step to launch the attacks. Buy custom Fog of War essay

2 Minute Presentation Topics on Modern Architecture

2 Minute Presentation Topics on Modern Architecture 2 Minute Presentation Topics on Modern Architecture If you are tasked with giving a presentation on modern architecture, you have the unique opportunity to introduce a not well known aspect of buildings and their history. While 2 minutes are not that long, it is still long enough to give your classmates an introduction to one aspect of architecture you might find fascinating. If you are in need of 2 minute presentation topics on modern architecture then consider the list of 20 topics below: How Social Housing Architecture Is Changing Urban Redevelopment: Architectural Assessments and Change The Role Played by the Church of England in Maintaining National Architecture Preserving National Heritage: How Modern Architecture Must Remake Historic Buildings Global Cultural Spaces: How Architecture Reflects Identity Sustained Buildings: Combining Nature and Architecture University Architecture and Design: The Search for Modern Perfection The Rich Decoration of Venetian Style Architecture Victorian-Edwardian Styles of Modern Architecture What Changing Architectural Styles Tell about the Civic Pride in Modern Architecture The Political Aesthetic of Foster’s Dome The Americanization of British Urban Architecture Reinventing Civic Design with Modern Architecture Environmentally Friendly Architecture: How Modern Utilities Have Changed Architectural Standards Clean Lines Creating Challenges for Modern Maintenance The Influence of Islam on the Architecture of Turkey: How Changing Rulers Changed the Construction The Influence of Christianity on Architecture: The Incorporation of Religious Artwork on Public Buildings The Geometric Shapes Used in Islamic Construction: How Interior Designs Reflect Internal Beliefs The Decline of Modern Architecture How Architecture Expresses More than Structure: The Historical Lessons Hidden in Each Building The first thing you must note is that nearly all academic writing is opinionated to some degree, meaning that no matter what you are writing, your goal is to present your opinion, often supported with facts. That being said, when writing on this particular topic, your goal is to present enough facts to support your point of view. Once you have a topic, you must start writing out the key points you want to cover. By writing a short draft or outline the same as you would do in an essay, you can review what you have and time your speech before you stand up in front of the class. Editing is important, but you should not rush it. Start at least 24 hours after you produce your first draft. In addition to this you want to make sure that your sentences flow smoothly and all of your thoughts or ideas are properly connected. You want to finally look over everything for spelling or grammar mistakes. Print out a copy too! Reading it out loud gives you the opportunity to catch smaller errors that might have gone otherwise unnoticed. Having the red pen with you allows you to write down immediately what areas need to be fixed so that once you are done, you can go back and make any necessary changes before printing out your final copy. Our professional custom writing company is a good PowerPoint presentation maker  available for students. All you need is to place your order at our website.

The Flourishing Villain Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Flourishing Villain - Coursework Example (Brown, 2001) For example, braver person can be considered virtuous, however, an excess of bravery bounds with the tendency to make thoughtless and purposeless actions, such as jumping from the roof. In contrast, lack of bravery makes a person coward. Subsequently, flourishing is about living a life of excellent functioning. Due to the fact that evil actions are not virtues, they cannot be constituents of happiness in Aristotles interpretation and cannot make a person flourish. Moreover, it is not possible to say that a person, who enjoys pleasure is flourishing as far as only the highest good, which is good intrinsically, is a component of flourishing. (Kraut, 2007) At the same time, the highest good requires from persons to act rationally. In contrast, a pleasure can be of different nature, it can be both good and bad, and without goal. Therefore, pleasure is not the same as happiness. Happiness and flourishing are final, they are the goal, and remain self sufficient. To my mind, the discussed ideas reflect the generally accepted rules of living as the essentials of living in a society persuade that a person who lives the righteous and moral life can achieve the highest happiness while those who mistreat others end in misery. Apart from that, it often happens that those, who conduct evil deeds are, in fact, unhappy and have issues that prevent them from living a life as all the rest. Numerous studies of psychologists serve as a good proof of this fact. If a someone who is deceitful, selfish, or self-indulge could be named flourishing than it would be justified to call murders flourishing as well. Obviously, this is not the case as such people simply does not suit the definition, they do not show sympathy and pity where it is appropriate. Kraut, R. (2007). Blackwell guide to aristotle\. (pp. 342-343). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from

New health care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

New health care - Assignment Example It is in this call from the developing countries and the various stakeholders in the health sector that as medical practitioners and professionals; alongside partnerships of other stakeholders such as the communities in those areas, the policy makers, local authorities, and business leaders that we seek to establish new models of care in Nigeria, as a developing country. Diversity is a challenge within the health and social care systems of the world. The hospital as a public place services multitudes of people from diverse cultural backgrounds, creating the need to accommodate the factor of diversity in every new model of care (Diller, 2011). Particularly, with the selected case where this new health model will serve, that is Nigeria, there are over 50 different communities, all distributed across the country, especially in the urban settlements (Okehie-Offoha, 2006). The tiers of healthcare in Nigeria incorporate three levels, the federal, state and local governments. The country initiated several developments recently within the health care system, including incorporating a national insurance policy, policies regarding the availability and distribution of drugs and medical equipment, financing for the health care systems, partnerships among others. The entire developments align with the millennium development goals, in which the country aims to at tain safe, sufficient, and effective healthcare system for her people. The cultural diversity in Nigeria incorporates several factors including differences in the origins of the people, their dressing, languages, art and traditional practices among many others. Particularly, the Kaduna State in the northern section of the country is among the symbols in Nigeria with remarkably vast sub-political entities. It has over fifteen tribes, with the majority of the minority groups in Nigeria located within this state

David Mamets Oleanna: Father-Daughter Relations Essay examples -- Dav

David Mamet's Oleanna: Father-Daughter Relations The most evident and natural of all hierarchal relationships is that of parent and child. This exists from the most primitive and savage of beasts to the most evolved and developed of primates. Thus, nearly all relationships can be made synonymous and equitable with this archetypal hierarchy. The parent-child relationship is perhaps the most delicate, intricate, and dysfunctional of all relationships in existence. Parents regularly disappoint and disillusion their children, and vice versa. Children rebel from the standards set by their parents only to readopt them when necessary. Such is the case in David Mamet's play Oleanna in which the two main characters, John and Carol, assume a rather dysfunctional father-daughter relationship. The actions taken by John throughout the course of the work demarcate the assumption that his exploits are to be viewed as incestuous with respect to the rapport he and his student share. Carol, with the support of her "group," charges her college profes sor with sexual harassment, rape, and battery. She thus threatens to annihilate every aspect of the life for which he has strived so terribly long. In Greco-Roman mythology, the son of Laius and Jocasta unknowingly killed his father and married his mother, thus fulfilling the statements of the divine oracle at Delphi. Similarly, the sister of Orestes aided Orestes, himself, in avenging the death of Agamemnon, their father, by killing their mother, Clytemnestra, and her lover, Aegisthus. These two yet to be identified mythological figures, Oedipus and Electra, respectively, have lent their names to modern psychology. Oedipus and Electra complexes are characterised by perverse manifestations in w... ...e beats her maliciously. Afterwards, due to the stage directions, John does not appear to acknowledge the events of the past minutes; "He moves to his desk, and arranges the papers on it" (Mamet, 641). This is typical of domestic abuse in that the abuser does not concede to the veracity of the maltreatment. Just after the incident, Carol mocks and taunts her professor, as a small child would do. She states while looking at and away from him, "Yes. That's right . . . yes. That's right" (Mamet, 641). This taunt is quite reminiscent of one a juvenile would put forth. Works Cited Mamet, David. Oleanna. Schilb and Clifford. 612-641. Schilb, John, and John Clifford, eds. Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. Boston: Bedford/St. MartinÕs, 1999. University of Maryland at College Park Pamphlet on Sexual Harrassment. College Park. 1997.

Banco Compartamos Case Study

Social innovation and enterprise is one way of eradicating poverty and illiteracy in society. The model that an enterprise takes determines their social impact in the long run. While some organizations maintain their social values over time, others abandon or diminish those values and venture into more financially profitable activities (Yunus 205). The paper addresses how the micro-finance business model used by Compartamos Bank compares with the village bank model of Grameen Bank. Microfinance in this sense refers to the supply of small loans, insurance, savings, and basic financial services to poor people, who are often unable to access such in conventional banking institutions. It looks at the shift of Compartamos Bank to a commercial bank, impacts of the shift to its initial mandate, and the effectiveness of both models in poverty alleviation. When the need for profit making and scaling competes with the need to alleviate poverty, the social motive often diminishes. Sustainabilit y of any social enterprise lies in maintaining its initial social values. Commercialization drives capitalism, which is often incompatible with social good. Making profound and lasting impacts on poverty alleviation requires consistency in social orientation.Comparison of Microfinance ModelsCompartamos Bank is a commercial microfinance while Grameen Bank is a village bank. The main difference between the two models is their funding methods. As a village bank, Grameen is primarily funded through local funds from community saving deposits, while Compartamos is funded as traditional commercial banks, engaging in IPO as one way of fundraising. Both models aim at reducing poverty, reaching scale, and financial sustainability though by applying different approaches. In place of collateral required by traditional banks, Grameen Bank uses voluntary formed small groups of five people for mutual and morally binding guarantees (Volkmann, Kim and Kati 253).The banking system is based on account ability, participation, mutual trust and creativity, a complete reverse from requirements of conventional banking. Village banking offers women equal access to financial aid, as they have been recognized as very enterprising. Operations of Grameen Bank are executed by bicycle bankers in various community branch units (Fotabong).Group members meet weekly for collection of the repayments and are accountable for each other. Compartamos Bank as a commercial bank offers loans, insurance and savings to its clientele. It operates as a conventional bank targeting the poor. It is for-profit organization that charges higher rates and opened up to public and private investors in a bid to scale up its profitability and financial sustainability. Compartamos started as a not-for profit organization and its shift to a commercial enterprise has been received with mixed reactions. The major concern of the shift is not in the high interest rates charged but on the importance placed on profitability m ore than social good. With all the profits and scaling the people who benefit most from such a set up are the already rich investors at the expense of poor borrowers.Evolution of CompartamosFounded in 1990 as a non-government organization, Compartamos aimed to eradicate poverty by giving credit to small businesses, especially poor women. It was initially supported by international donors and philanthropists to serve indigenous people in the poorest parts of Mexico. The company turned into a for-profit organization in 2000 in order to increase their funding (Carrick-Cagna and Santos 4). The company began accessing capital markets in 2002 raising millions of bonds over the next years. It slowly involved private investors and further obtained a commercial banking license in 2006 to enable them offer more services to its clients such as savings and insurance.The need to scale made the company raise hundreds of millions from a successful initial public offering (IPO), earning huge return s from private and public sectors without using any additional capital according to Carrick-Cagna and Santos. The profits allowed Compartamos to achieve financial self-sufficiency, no longer relying on donor aid. Thirty percent of the company was given to private investors and in essence the founders, with their visionary social goals have no complete control over the organization. The commercialization of Compartamos may seem to emphasize profit making over social good. Currently it offers microcredit services such as loans, insurance, and savings to low income earners and is among the largest and most profitable microfinance institutions in Latin America (MFI Solutions, LLC, USA and La Colmena  Milenaria, A. C., Mà ©xico 13).Investors in the bank make enormous profits, which is a good thing for any organization but for a microfinance dedicated to improving lives of the poor, it is seen as a problem. The extent to which Compartamos benefits the already-rich private investors far outweigh the benefits accrued to poor borrowers. It charges up to 100 percent interest rates per year to borrowers. In the perspective of fundamental values of microfinance, the actions of Compartamos are not pro-poor.Social ValuesIn the social enterprising context, the stand of Compartamos Bank is controversial. While to others it is a pro-poor initiative, others see a shift in its operation no different from conventional banks which are often anti-poor, anti-illiterate and anti-women according toYunus. Inequalities between the rich and the poor are a question of access to financial credit. Compartamos allegedly charges very high interest rates to its borrowers, who struggle to the rate while investors highly profit. Most of the poor people are also illiterate and few understand the idea of interest rates. What most borrowers focus on is how much they have to repay weekly but calculated in real sense, the interest rates are much higher than those of common commercial banks. The re sult is confining the poor in a never-ending cycle of poverty where they borrow more to service their credits.Implications for Increased CommercializationCompartamos IPO was a huge success in financial markets but majority of the shares went to hedge fund managers and commercial investors rather than the socially-responsible investment entity. According to MFI Solutions and La Colmena Milenaria, the lending capacity of the Bank increased after the IPO, though the interest rates charged went higher and higher with time. The bank has more than doubled its reach to clients in need of financial services in Mexico. In order to cater for the expansion and operating costs, the bank charges interests above the normal commercial Mexican rate.It has however continued to expand and retain many of its clients. It is a major concern to microfinance, on the appropriate balance between the goal of providing access to financial services to the poor and profitability and sustainability of microfinan ce institutions. The shift of microfinance from  social investors to commercial investors is a threat to social enterprises aimed at alleviating poverty. The IPO has sent a message that social service and profitability go together.It is a message that will definitely attract more private investors into microfinance. Compartamos IPO does not exclusively have implications on the company but to the entire microfinance entity. As a non-profit organization started off by grants, the implication is that society may have a different view of social enterprises. Some would question ethical, moral, and social values of such establishments.The Future of MicrofinancePlayers in the sector are uncertain about the future of microfinance, especially with the move of Compartamos to commercialize its operations. Commercialization of microfinance is seen as an opportunity to expand access of the poor to financial services. The high profit margins will attract more investment into microfinance, there by availing more money to extend to people to help them out of poverty. Additionally, it is felt that if other microfinance players shift to commercialization, the profit maximizing behavior will further take advantage of the poor. This would worsen the existing gap between the rich and the poor, profiting the rich and sending the poor into more poverty.Initiatives of the past two decades to make businesses socially responsible will also have been a waste. Communities and socially-responsible investors may shy away from initiatives aimed at addressing serious social issues. Microfinance faces a danger of turning into how well investors are doing of how profitable microfinance institutions are instead of actively focusing on ending poverty. In conclusion, those who founded formal microfinance intended it for the social good, but when more people got involved, the objectives and intentions of social enterprises shifted. The best model that is well adapted to create wealth for the poor is Grameen’s village model. With commercialization it becomes difficult to determine where microcredit ends and loan sharking ends.Involvement of private investors, whose main aim is often profit making would make social enterprises in microfinance serve more the interests of investors at a disadvantage of poor clients. It would turn microfinance from an area where non-profits and donors effect beneficial social and economic change into a haven for profit-maximizing investors. We  are living in a capitalist society where the need to satisfy personal interest overrides social good. In view of microfinance and addressing poverty, it is better to operate on the traditional approach of such initiatives other than commercializing it.

Consider the Theme of Transformation in Metamorphosis and...

Consider the theme of transformation in Metamorphosis and The Yellow Wallpaper. Apart from the very apparent theme of transformation that runs through both stories there are also many underlying themes connected with transformation, not just physical but also mental. Metamorphosis sees Gregor wake up one morning physically transformed overnight into a huge insect, by the description given by Kafka, possibly similar in appearance to a cockroach, although the description given does not allow the reader to make any definite identification. He has been the breadwinner of the family, working as a travelling salesman to keep a roof over the heads of his mother, father and younger sister. This is a service that he has got no thanks or†¦show more content†¦It’s such a long time since he’s eaten anything.† (Kafka 2005) Unlike Gregor the protagonist in The Yellow Wallpaper does have some control over her destiny as she demonstrates. Gilman writes her story as a demonstration of the effects of gender inequality, and the male patriarchal hold over women. The narrator slowly slips into a deeper psychosis the more time she spends alone in the room, however in her studies of the text Catherine Golden questions whether her transformation is simply a sign of her increasingly hallucinatory state or a larger awareness of the limitations of her patriarchal world. This is a very interesting question and one that has many possible answers. The text itself is open to many interpretations and has been received by critics in several different ways. The wallpaper itself morphs gradually the more time the narrator spends looking at it. At first just dim shapes are seen behind the pattern the narrator tells us that â€Å"The dim shapes get clearer every day. It is always the same shape only very numerous. And it is like a woman stooping down and creeping about behind that pattern.† (Gilman 1998) The theme of imprisonment is apparent from the first mention of something behind the pattern as the narrator tells us that â€Å"the faint figure behind seemed to shake the pattern, just as if she wanted to get out.† (Gilman 1998) The feeling of beingShow MoreRelatedFemale Oppression By Emily Dickinson And Charlotte Perkins Gilman1729 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the history of American Literature there has been a common theme of male oppression. Especially towards the end of the 19th century, before the first wave of feminism, women were faced with an unshakeable social prison. Husband, home and children were the only l ife they knew, many encouraged not to work. That being said, many female writers at the time, including Emily Dickinson and Charlotte Perkins Gilman, were determined to examine the mind behind the American woman, through the lens