Why Do People Commit Crime - 1300 Words

Why do people commit crime? Identify and explore 3 theories of crime and evaluate their key strengths and weaknesses Discuss the role of rehabilitation in the justice system (using three theories of crime to back up) The Oxford Dictionary defines a crime as an action or omission, which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law . Criminological studies look into why individuals commit crime and why they behave the way they do in certain situations. By understanding this, one is able to develop theories and develop ways to control crime or rehabilitate the individual. The aim of rehabilitation is to prevent further crimes from happening and it has been a key feature of prisons since the 18th century. In 1779 the British government passed the Penitentiary Act, which made rehabilitation of criminals a function of all prisons. Rehabilitation puts and emphasis on corrections as opposed to punishment, as it is believed that this is a more effective way of preventing the individual of committing further crimes. This essay will discuss the question of why individuals commit crime, exploring three theories of crime; social disorganisation theory, rational choice theory, and biological theories. It will also discuss the role of rehabilitation in the criminal justice system. Social Disorganisation Theory: Poverty is often identified as a major cause of crime. Starting from the 1970s, studies in the US pointed more and more at the link between unemployment, poverty andShow MoreRelatedWhy Do People Commit Crimes?1145 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand why people commit crimes and why they engaged in anti-social behavior. It may sound simple but scientist and criminologist have struggled to answer this question. There is not a central reason that leads a person to engage in a criminal behavior but there are numerous of factors that contribute for one person to break the laws. Several theories have been analyzed and studied by criminologists but the criminal justice system not only relies in one theory why people commit crimes. I believeRead MoreOutline Of An Overall Theory918 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to www.merriam-webster.com the term â€Å"crime† is defined as: â€Å"an illegal act for which someone can be punished by the government†. Some individuals in our society commit some type of crime every day, but why? In this assignment I will try to compile an overall theory as to why individuals commit crimes. While doing my research I came across 10 reasons/factors that can possibly explain why individuals commit crimes. These reasons include: The Prison System, drugs, depression and other socialRead MoreThe Problem Of Crime Rate1703 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Crime is a big problem in the world. Many believe that nothing can be done to prevent it. The crime rates are increasing rapidly all around the world. Crime is not easy to completely remove from our society. For many years Scientist and psychologists have argued over whether upbringing forms of a child’s behavior or whether they are born with a personality disorder, or could it be the way their brain is set up or their body type? Society may never really know all the causes of this criminalRead MoreAntisocial Personality Theory vs. Social Structure Theory Essay1366 Words   |  6 Pageswhich crime is considered as a social happening. The study of Criminology includes the ways and methods of breaking laws, making laws and social/media/cultural reactions of the society to crime. There have been many theories as to why people commit crime, no one can decide on just one theory to explain this. Two popular theories as to why people commit crime are antisocial personality theory an d social structure theory. The aspects behind these theories make the most reliable sense as to why peopleRead MoreEssay On White Collar Crime884 Words   |  4 Pagesbehind the commission of white-collar crimes. Many of the current studies focus on a wide range of factors, rather than on few factors, to explain why people commit white-collar crimes in modern society. Sutherland theorized that white-collar crimes and conventional crimes were similar enough to focus on poverty and social pathologies as the base reasoning for committing each type of crime (Friedrichs, 2014). However, many of the people who commit white collar crimes do not live in poverty, and generallyRead MoreAssess the Usefulness of Functionalist Approaches in Explaining Crime. (21)964 Words   |  4 Pageswhole. They explain crime and deviance by stating that the source of deviance lies in the nature of society rather than the individual. Durkheim states that crime and deviance is inevitable and a certain level is necessary for society to exist. He also claims that it is a positive aspect of society as it shows examples of rights and wrongs within society and by punishing offenders, through ways such as public humiliation and portraying crime as wrong, raises awareness of crime and therefore detersRead MoreWhy Women Commit So Many Less Crime?976 Words   |  4 PagesStatistically women commit quite a bit less crime in almost every category especially violent crimes. Many people wonder why this is the case because we are all people and it shouldn t matter that much. Though every year this doesn’t seem to change. So I will be discussing some of the reasons why this is the case in this paper and uncovering some causes. The first reason why women commit so many less crimes is because of the chemical balance and hormones in their bodies. Men have much more testosteroneRead MoreWhy People Commit Crimes1403 Words   |  6 Pagesperson has it own opinion. Crime is the human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws, according with Schmalleger. The criminal behavior is the antisocial acts that a person commits for different reasons. This means that the person violated laws constantly for a long or short time period. There are many reasons why criminals commit crimes. Some of the criminals commit crimes for necessity, others forRead MoreThe Underlying Cause Of Criminal s Minds And How They Are Developed1383 Words   |  6 Pagescriminologists have created theories that attempt to prove why criminals commit unlawful acts. At the start of the research it was thought that criminals are developed biologically t hrough genes and hormones. As continued studies were conducted, criminologists decided that psychological reasoning is more efficient in explaining why crimes occur. Factors such as family life and decision making help explain what goes on in a criminal’s mind before committing a crime. Although evidence is proving this true, the debateRead MoreBehavioral Learning Theory Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesThe Behavioral Learning Theory believes that behavior is learned from either the environment, the people in the individuals life, the media, or society as a whole. This theory contradicts the Biological theory, which states that criminals are born to be bad and that criminal behavior is inherited. The behavioral theory looks at the environment as well as societys impact on how an individual acts which might be the reason for criminal behavior. This theory blames the environment as well as the

A Miserable Wondering and Seeking - 1099 Words

English 110 Junjie Wang A Miserable Wondering and Seeking â€Å"Poems come out of wonder, not out of knowing,† according to Lucille Clifton, a famous American writer and educator. The best example of this wondering is shown in the poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†. â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, written by William Blake in 1789, is a poem that reflects a shameful eighteenth century social problems. It shows the exploitations to the little children—the chimney sweepers. Those sweepers are even too young to have their own complete thoughts, but they are still on their own effort to seek comfort in this suffering situation. Therefore, the poems is trying to lead readers to experience a miserable and desperate situation and then to seek a way out along with†¦show more content†¦The strong contrast between the dream and the reality makes people feel upset and heartbreaking because we see these children still have to undertake much what they are not supposed to bear. Nevertheless, what upsets people more was the fa ct that these chimney sweeper accept their current fate happily with a hope that future will be better if they obey the rule and do their duty. However, the fact is that the circumstances have no hope of freedom from this oppression if they don’t take any action. Therefore, this is an anesthetization in mind because, in this way, workers and the weak would not unite to stand against the inhuman conditions forced upon them. Blake here critiques not just the deplorable conditions of the children sold into chimney sweeping, but also the society, and particularly its religious aspect that would offer these children palliatives rather than aid. That the speaker and Tom Dacre gets up from the vision to head back into their dangerous drudgery suggests that these children cannot help themselves, so it is left to responsible, sensitive adults to do something for them. Wondering about the future of them, the chimney sweepers introduce their lifestyles and dreams to people. Without knowing whereShow MoreRelatedThe Myth Of God s God1030 Words   |  5 Pagesto seek materialistic inventions, to structure their own earthly heaven, build a crumbling success that clings to that which is satanic and forgets their Creator. Before creation, no man spent a lifetime running from the purpose of his creation, seeking his own ungodly selfish end, and die not only rejecting his Savior and God but rejecting the treasure of an eternity in Glory. Could it be that when God planned to create mankind that he knew that man would fall and that his nature would be to seekRead MoreDeath, Pain, And Hope By Denis Johnson1570 Words   |  7 Pagescreates a story that has the mixed feelings of darkness, desperation, compassion, and humor. This is a story about a man, refers to as Fuckhead, in his early twenties drowning in drugs, wondering from place to place with other ju nkie friends, making awful life choices, behaving like a naà ¯ve kid, but still seeking for redemption and meaning. This book consists several short stories about death, pain, and hope. Denis Johnson shows readers the great desperation through the damaged and desperate narratorRead MoreThe Birthplace Of A Nation1180 Words   |  5 Pageseven Mexico. In fact, only two of the delegates were native Texans (Nance, 2010, [â€Å"Republic of Texas† paragraph 2]). The meeting was scheduled for March 1, 1836. â€Å"It was a very cold day†¦it was thirty-three degrees and the wind was blowing. It was a miserable day†¦Ã¢â‚¬  says Mr. Don Greer, a volunteer at the historic town of Washington on the Brazos (D. Greer, personal communication, October 22, 2016). These men all met in the little wooden building that is now called affectionately â€Å"Independence Hall.† ItRead MoreThe Birthplace Of A Nation Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup of delegates who were from Ir eland, some were from England, and some were from Mexico among other countries. The meeting was scheduled for March 1, 1836. â€Å"It was a very cold day†¦it was thirty-three degrees and the wind was blowing. It was a miserable day†¦Ã¢â‚¬  says Mr. Don Greer, a volunteer at the historic town of Washington on the Brazos (D. Greer, personal communication, October 22, 2016). These men all met in the little wooden building that is now called affectionately â€Å"Independence Hall.† ItRead MoreJohn Milton s Paradise Lost1738 Words   |  7 Pagesthe opening lines of his epic: That to the heighth of this great argument I may assert eternal providence, And justify the ways of God to men. (1.24-26) This is the underlying point of the whole thing, Milton is seeking to justify the ways of God to me. The question this paper is seeking to answer is this: how did he do? Can we look at Paradise lost and declare it a successful defence? If God was taken to an impartial and perfect court with Paradise Lost as his defences, would he be exonerated?Read MoreThe Irony of the Jungle1510 Words   |  7 PagesIrony of The Jungle Between 1870 and 1900 Chicago grew from a population of 299,000 to almost 1.7 million, the fastest-growing city ever at the time. This surge in population was largely attributed to immigrants coming from European countries seeking a chance for employment and new freedoms associated with moving to the United States at the time. 1905, in particular, was a historic year when a surge of over 1 million immigrants came to the city. During this time, author Upton Sinclair was workingRead MoreSummary Of Mother By Sherwood Anderson1525 Words   |  7 Pagescharacteristics. Anderson’s story develops Elizabeth from old to young which has an effect of how the reader perceives her character. In the opening lines of the story we are given the exposition which plunges the reader into this bleak and miserable scene. â€Å"[Elizabeth] was tall and gaunt and her face was marked with smallpox scars†¦was but forty five†¦some obscure disease has taken the fire out of her figure† (Anderson 181). It is interesting that Anderson gives the reader a Woman already lateRead MoreEssay about Balcony Scnece in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1161 Words   |  5 PagesCapulet that Romeo was up before dawn, possibly up all night, and has been wondering the woods, seeking solitude. Lord Capulet adds more information, by complaining about his sons recent behaviour; which Benvolio says, happens often, Romeo sighs and cries about his unrequited love and locks himself away in his chamber. The audience expect someone who is soft natured, a loner, subdued and miserable. Juliets character is bright, appears to be obedient and realistic. Read MoreSignificance of Emotional Education in Dickens Novel, Hard Times 1911 Words   |  8 Pagesfather’s prohibition against wondering and imagining. Her humanity emerges gradually as the novel progresses, as the result of her warm inner fire created by her secret fancies in otherwise her lonely, mechanized existence. As her failing and loveless marriage to the greedy and arrogant bully of humility Bounderby takes its toll, Louisa reaches out, first to Stephen Blackpool, an oppressed factory worker, and then to James Harthouse, a cynical, amoral, and thrill-seeking aristocrat who tries to seduceRead MoreEssay about Hamlet1999 Words   |  8 Pagespoint in the play become very apparent. 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Ch 18 Free Essays

Chapter 18 Ethers Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides Assigned Reading from McMurry: Read Sections 18. 1 through 18. 9; not responsible for â€Å"Focus on †¦ Epoxy Resins Adhesives, pp. We will write a custom essay sample on Ch 18 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 697-698). Recommended Problems from McMurry: 18. 1a-e;18. 18. 2;18. 3a-d; 18. 4; 18. 5a-d; 18. 6a-b; 18. 7a-b; 18. 8; 18. 9; 18. 10; 18. 11; 18. 12a,b; 18. 13a,b; 18. 14a-c; 18. 16a-f; 18. 17; 18. 18; 18. 19a-c; 18. 20; 18. 21; 18. 22; 18. 23a-e; 18. 24a-I; 18. 25a-f; 18. 26a-d; 18. 27; 18. 28; 18. 29ad; 18. 30a-e; 18. 31; 18. 32; 18. 33; 18. 34; 18. 35a-d; 18. 36; 18. 37; 18. 38; 18. 39; 18. 40a,b; 18. 41a-d; 18. 2; 18. 43; 18. 44; 18. 45; 18. 45; 18. 46; 18. 47; 18. 48; 18. 49; 18. 51; 18. 52; 18. 53; 18. 54; 18. 551-e; 18. 56; 18. 57; 18. 58a-b; 18. 59a-b; 18. 60; 18. 61. 18. 1 Names and Properties of Ethers Method A: Simple ethers; alphabetize if two organic substituents. CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3 Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether O CH3–CH2–CH2–O–CH3 CH3 Methyl phenyl ether SP 18. 01 Provide systematic names for the following ethers. CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3 O SP 18. 02 Provide structures for the following systematic names. Systematic name: Isopropyl phenyl ether Systematic name: Cyclohexyl ethyl ether Method B: Other functional groups present, ether component is an â€Å"alkoxy† substituent. Alkoxy examples: methoxy -OCH3, ethoxy -OCH2CH3, propoxy -OCH2CH2CH3, etc. O C H3 O CH3 O C H3 para-Dimethoxybenzene 3-Methoxy-1-cyclopentene SP 18. 03 Provide systematic names for the following complex ethers. OCH3 O CH2CH3 Cl SP 18. 04 Provide structures for the following systematic names. Systematic name: meta-Bromopropoxybenzene Systematic name: 1-Isopropoxycyclopentene 18. 2 Synthesis of Ethers The Williamson Ether Synthesis R + O an alkoxide C X R SN2 an alkyl halide methyl 1o best; X = Cl, Br, I, OTos O C ether product Example: O Na + Sodium phenoxide CH3 Br O CH3 Phenyl methyl ether (anisole) + Na Br + X SP 18. 05 Complete the following reactions. CH3 CH3 C O Na + CH3 I + Na I CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH3 I + Na O CH3 + Na I SP 18. 06 Provide the suitable alkoxide and alkyl halide necessary to produce 2-ethoxy-2-methyl butane in good yield. CH3 CH3 CH2 C O CH3 CH2 CH3 + Na Br 8. 4 Oxymercuration Intermediates †¢ For laboratory-scale hydration of an alkene †¢ †¢ Use mercuric acetate in THF followed by sodium borohydride Markovnikov orientation – via mercurinium ion Alkoxymercuration of Alkenes General Reaction: R C C 2) NaBH4 H C R Ether Alkene RO Step #1 RO C 1) Hg(OAc)2, ROH H g OA c C C Step #2 R + HOAc Markovnikov addition SP 18. 07 Complete the following reactions by displaying the final major organic product. H C 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3OH H C 2) NaBH4 H CH3 CH3 C C H CH3 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3OH 2) NaBH4 SP 18. 08 Specify the alkene and alcohol needed to produce the following ether. Alcohol OCH2CH3 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3 2) NaBH4 Alkene 18. 3 Reactions of Ethers: Acidic Ether Cleavage General Reaction: HX C O C C OH + X C (strong acid) Ether Alcohol Alkyl halide SP 18. 09 Predict the product for the following ether-cleavage reaction. CH3 CH3 C O CH3 HBr CH2CH3 8. 4 Reactions of Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement O OH 1,3 O to C shift Thermodynamically more stable o 250 Allyl phenyl ether C9H10O ortho-Allyl phenol C9H10O Mechanism (involves six-membered transition state): 1 O TS 2 3 1 O 2 H keto-enol tautomerization 3 O H SP 18. 10 Predict the structure for the following Claisen rearrangement. O o 250 2-Butenyl phenyl ether C10H12O 18. 5 Cyclic Ethers: Epoxides (2 methods) General Reaction 1: O C C + R Alkene C O O O O C H A peracid C An epoxide R C O A carboxylic acid Specific Example 1: O Cl C O O H m-CPBA o H O O + CH2Cl2, 25 C H 1,2-Epoxycycloheptane Cl H C O H 18. Cyclic Ethers: Epoxides (2 methods) General Reaction 2: C OH X2, H2O C C C X A halohydrin Alkene O NaOH H2O C + H2O + NaX C An epoxide Review Section 7. 3 Specific Example 2: H CH3 C C H CH3 cis-2-Butene Br2 H2O H CH3 Br C OH C H CH3 NaOH H2O O HC CH3 C H + H2O + NaBr CH3 meso-2,3-Dimethyl-oxirane (or cis-2,3-epoxybutane) SP 18. 11 Fill in the appropriate intermediates showing the correct stereochemistry. H CH3 C C CH3 Br2 NaOH H H2O H2O trans-2-Butene + H2O + NaBr 18. 6 Reactions of Epoxides: Ring-Opening General epoxide structure: O C Since each atom is sp3 there is considerable angle strain in the epoxide ring-system. C Acidic Conditions: Epoxide opening under acidic conditions (aqueous acid) yields 1,2-diols General Reaction: H H O O C H C HO C H2O An epoxide C OH A 1,2-diol (glycol) H O C H C + O H H O C + C H O H H O H Specific Example (using symmetrical epoxide): H + H H3O OH H2O OH O H H trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediol SP 18. 12 Predict the correct structure of the product diol showing the correct stereochemistry. O H CH3 C C CH3 H trans-2,3-epoxybutane H3O+ H2O Note: Epoxide opening under anhydrous acidic conditions yields halohydrins. Specific Example (2 ° and 1 ° carbons): o 1 carbon o 2 carbon O CH3 H C C H H 1,2-Epoxypropane OH HCl Et2O CH3 C Cl CH2 Cl + CH3 H 1-Chloro-2-propanol (90%) C CH2 OH H 2-Chloro-1-propanol (10%) SP 18. 13 Using the above model predict the major halohydrin. O H C H C HCl H Et2O O H C C H H HCl OH C Et2O H Cl CH2 Cl + C CH2 OH H Explanation: In cases where a 2 ° carbon and a 1 ° carbon form the epoxide ring, the major halohydrin product will be the one where the incipient alcohol is 2 ° and the halide is 1 °. Upon protonation of the epoxide oxygen the halide ion simple attacks the less-hindered 1 ° carbon with a greater frequency to give the major regioisomer. Specific Example (3 ° and 1 ° carbons): SP 18. 4 Using the above model predict the major halohydrin. Circle one. O C C H H HCl OH C Et2O + C H Cl Cl H C OH C H H Explanation: In cases where a 3 ° carbon and a 1 ° carbon form the epoxide ring, the major halohydrin product will be the one where the incipient alcohol is 1 ° and the halide is 3 °. Upon protonation of the epoxide oxygen the halogen attacks the more-stabilized (same as moresubstituted) carbon atom to give the major regioisomer described. Basic Conditions: Note: Nucleophile will always attack least-hindered position. Specific Example: o 3 carbon 1o carbon O CH3 CH3 C C H H OH NaOH H2O, ? CH3 C CH2 OH CH3 -Methyl-1,2-propanediol SP 18. 15 Predict the structure of the 1,2-diol from the following reaction. O C C H H NaOH H2O, ? Reaction with Grignard Reagents: O CH3 CH3 C C H H OH 1) CH3CH2MgBr, Et2O 2) (aq) NH4Cl CH3 C CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 SP 18. 16 Predict the structure of the organic product from the following Grignardepoxide reaction. O H C C H H 1) CH3MgBr, Et2O 2) (aq) NH4Cl Reaction with a 1 ° amine: O H C OH CH2 H H2NCH2CH2CH3 C CH2 N CH2 CH2 H Reaction with a 2 ° amine: O H C OH H H3C CH2 + N H3C H C CH2 N CH3 CH3 CH3 SP 18. 17 Predict the structure of the epoxide and amine needed to generate the amino alcohol shown to the right. OH + CH3 C CH3 Epoxide Amine CH2 N H 18. 7 Crown Ethers †¢ Large rings consisting of repeating (-OCH2CH2-) or similar units †¢ Named as x-crown-y – x is the total number of atoms in the ring – y is the number of oxygen atoms – 18-crown-6 ether: 18-membered ring containing 6 oxygen atoms †¢ Central cavity is electronegative and attracts cations 18. 8 Thiols and Sulfides †¢ Thiols (RSH), are sulfur analogues of alcohols – Named with the suffix -thiol – SH group is called â€Å"mercapto group† (â€Å"capturer of mercury†) Thiols: Formation and Reaction †¢ From alkyl halides by displacement with a sulfur nucleophile such as –SH The alkylthiol product can undergo further reaction with the alkyl halide to give a symmetrical sulfide, giving a poorer yield of the thiol Sulfides †¢ Sulfides (RSR? ), are sulfur analogues of ethers – Named by rules used for ethers, with sulfide in place of ether for sim ple compounds and alkylthio in place of alkoxy Using Thiourea to Form Alkylthiols †¢ Thiols can undergo further reaction with the alkyl halide to give dialkyl sulfides †¢ For a pure alkylthiol use thiourea (NH2(C=S)NH2) as the nucleophile †¢ This gives an intermediate alkylisothiourea salt, which is hydrolyzed cleanly to the alkyl thiourea Oxidation of Thiols to Disulfides Reaction of an alkyl thiol (RSH) with bromine or iodine gives a disulfide (RSSR) †¢ The thiol is oxidized in the process and the halogen is reduced Sulfides †¢ Thiolates (RS? ) are formed by the reaction of a thiol with a base †¢ Thiolates react with primary or secondary alkyl halide to give sulfides (RSR’) †¢ Thiolates are excellent nucleophiles and react with many electrophiles Sulfides as Nucleophiles †¢ Sulfur compounds are more nucleophilic than their oxygen-compound analogues – 3p valence electrons (on S) are less tightly held than 2p electrons (on O) â⠂¬ ¢ Sulfides react with primary alkyl halides (SN2) to give rialkylsulfonium salts (R3S+) Oxidation of Sulfides †¢ Sulfides are easily oxidized with H2O2 to the sulfoxide (R2SO) †¢ Oxidation of a sulfoxide with a peroxyacid yields a sulfone (R2SO2) †¢ Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is often used as a polar aprotic solvent 18. 9 Spectroscopy of Ethers †¢ Infrared: C–O single-bond stretching 1050 to 1150 cm? 1 overlaps many other absorptions. †¢ Proton NMR: H on a C next to ether O is shifted downfield to ? 3. 4 to ? 4. 5 – The 1H NMR spectrum of dipropyl ether shows this signal at ? 3. 4 – In epoxides, these H’s absorb at ? 2. 5 to ? 3. 5 in their 1H NMR spectra Carbon NMR: C’s in ethers exhibit a downfield shift to ? 50 to ? 80 Let’s Work a Problem When 2-methyl-2,5-pentanediol is treated with sulfuric acid, dehydration occurs and 2,2dimethyltetrahydrofuran is formed. Suggest a mechanism for this reaction. Which of the t wo oxygen atoms is most likely to be eliminated and why? Answer First, there is protonation of the 3? –OH group, then a 3? carbocation is formed via loss of H2O. Then there is a nucleophilic attack of the carbocation by the 2nd –OH group. The 3? OH group is the one eliminated in all likelihood because its removal involves the formation of the more stable 3? carbocation. How to cite Ch 18, Papers